Table of Contents
Brief Table of Contents
Volume 1
Volume 2
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Detailed Table of Contents Volume 1
Preface
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Financial Accounting Theory
- Uncertainty and Information Asymmetries
- 1. Adverse selection example
- 2. Moral hazard example
- 3. Adverse selection and moral hazard defined
- 4. Application of adverse selection and moral hazard to accounting
- 5. Moral hazard in action: The financial crisis of 2008
- Desirable Characteristics of Accounting Information and Trade-offs
- Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice and Earnings Management
- Accounting and Securities Markets
- 1. Accounting information in securities markets
- 2. Using information from securities markets in accounting
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 2: Frameworks for Financial Reporting
- Conceptual Frameworks for Financial Accounting as Strategies to Meet Market Demands for Information
- 1. Sketch of a business plan for a carmaker
- a. Assessing demand
- b. Supply planning
- 2. Outline of a conceptual framework for financial reporting
- Components of the IFRS Framework
- 1. Users
- 2. Users' needs and objectives
- a. Prediction of future cash flows, dividends, or earnings
- b. Assessment of risk
- c. Contracting and compliance
- d. Assessment of stewardship and competence
- 3. Qualitative characteristics
- a. Understandability
- b. Relevance
- c. Reliability
- d. Comparability
- 4. Elements of financial statements
- 5. Recognition
- 6. Measurement
- 7. Constraints
- a. Benefits vs. costs
- b. Timeliness vs. reliability
- c. Balance among qualitative characteristics
- 8. Assumptions
- a. Accrual basis
- b. Going concern
- c. Financial capital maintenance
- Feature: The role of the IFRS Framework in relation to specific accounting standards
- 9. Example for illustrating the application of the IFRS Framework
- Other Conceptual Frameworks
- Standard Setting: Internationally and in Canada
- 1. Standards internationally
- 2. Standards in Canada
- 3. Organization and authority for setting accounting and auditing standards in Canada
- Feature: Understanding the organization and labelling of accounting standards
- 4. Globalization of standard setting
- Feature: Going bananas: Lessons from evolutionary biology
- Feature: A perspective on global standard setting
- Standards in Transition
- Appendix: Illustration of Capital Maintenance Concepts
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 3: Accrual Accounting
- Demand for Periodic Reporting and the Need for Accrual Accounting
- Accrual versus Cash Accounting
- Uncertainty and the Essential Role of Estimates in Accrual Accounting
- Quality of Earnings and Earnings Management
- Periodicity, Cut-off, and Subsequent Events
- 1. Periodicity
- 2. Cut-off
- Accounting Changes: Errors, Changes in Accounting Policy, and Changes in Estimates
- 1. Correction of errors
- 2. Changes in accounting policy
- 3. Changes in accounting estimates
- 4. Illustrative example for practice
- 5. Summary
- The Structure of Financial Reports and Their Relationships
- 1. Overview of financial statement presentation and interrelationships
- Feature: Double-entry accounting and the balance sheet
- 2. Balance sheet
- a. Assets
- b. Liabilities
- c. Equity
- 3. Statement of changes in equity
- 4. Statement of comprehensive income
- 5. Cash flow statement
- 6. Note disclosures
- 7. Discontinued operations and other non-current assets held for sale
- 8. Comparative figures
- 9. Putting it all together: an illustrative example
- Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 4: Revenue and Expense Recognition
- Range of Conceptual Alternatives for Revenue Recognition
- General Revenue Recognition Criteria
- 1. Sale of goods
- 2. Provision of services
- Expense Recognition
- Specific Revenue Recognition Situations
- 1. Consignment sales
- 2. Installment sales
- 3. Franchise revenue
- 4. Barter transactions
- 5. Revenue recognition at point of production
- Accounting for Construction Contracts
- 1. Revenue recognition for cost-plus contracts
- 2. Revenue recognition for fixed-price contracts: Application of changes in estimates
- 3. Revenue recognition for fixed-price contracts: The cost-to-cost approach
- 4. Accounting cycle for construction contracts
- 5. Application of prudence (conservatism) in accounting for construction contracts
- 6. Revenue recognition when outcome of construction contracts is uncertain: Cost recovery method
- 7. Alternative in ASPE: Completed contract method
- Risk of Earnings Overstatement in Construction Contracts
- 1. Intentional overstatement: Earnings management
- 2. Unintentional overstatement: The winner's curse
- Presentation and Disclosure
- 1. General presentation and disclosure requirements
- 2. Presentation and disclosure for construction contracts
- Substantive Differences between IFRS and ASPE
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 5: Cash and Receivables
- Cash and Cash Equivalents
- 1. Inclusions in cash and cash equivalents
- 2. Exclusions from cash and cash equivalents
- 3. Implications for cash flow statement
- Bank Reconciliations
- Cash Management, Internal Controls, and Fraud Prevention
- 1. Segregation of duties
- 2. Monitoring by staff and customers
- Feature: Ethics and honesty in relation to cash and non-cash items
- 3. Implications for internal controls of other areas
- Overview of Accounting for Non-Cash Assets
- 1. Initial recognition and measurement: Asset or expense?
- 2. Asset valuation on the balance sheet
- 3. Derecognition: Removal of asset from the balance sheet
- Trade Receivables: Initial Classification, Recognition, and Measurement
- Subsequent Measurement of Trade Receivables: Accounting for Bad Debts
- 1. Percentage of sales method (income statement approach)
- 2. Aging of accounts method (balance sheet approach)
- Derecognition of Receivables: Collection, Write-offs, and Disposals
- 1. Collection
- 2. Write-offs
- 3. Transfer of receivables (factoring)
- a. Transfer without recourse
- b. Transfer with recourse
- 4. Transfer of receivables (securitization)
- Comprehensive Illustration of Initial Recognition, Subsequent Measurement, and Derecognition of Accounts Receivable
- Non-trade Receivables
- Accounting for Restructured Loans (From Lender's Perspective)
- Potential Earnings Management Using Receivables
- 1. Revenue recognition policy
- 2. Change in credit policy without change in allowance
- 3. Channel stuffing
- Feature: Channel stuffing at Chrysler
- 4. Change in the calculation of net realizable value
- 5. Sale of receivables
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 6: Inventories
- Information Systems for Inventory Control
- 1. Perpetual system
- 2. Periodic system
- 3. Comparison and illustration
- Initial Recognition and Measurement
- 1. Purchased goods
- 2. Manufactured goods
- a. Fixed overhead capitalization when production is above normal
- b. Fixed overhead capitalization when production levels are below normal
- Subsequent Measurement and Derecognition: Cost Allocation between Balance Sheet and Income Statement
- 1. Specific identification
- 2. Cost flow assumptions
- a. First-in, first-out (FIFO)
- b. Last-in, first-out (LIFO)
- c. Weighted average cost
- d. Comparison of cost flow assumptions
- 3. Retail inventory method
- Feature: Retail pricing terminology
- Subsequent Measurement: Interaction of Cost Flow Assumptions and Information System for Inventory Control
- Subsequent Measurement: Application of Prudence/Conservatism
- 1. Meaning of "market"
- 2. Unit of evaluation
- Accounting for Inventory Errors
- Presentation and Disclosure
- Appendix: Usage of Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) in the United States
- 1. Balance sheet effect and the LIFO reserve
- 2. Income effect and LIFO liquidation
- 3. Distortion of turnover ratio
- 4. Unit of evaluation
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 7: Financial Assets
- Financial Assets
- Overview of Financial Asset Classification
- Strategic Equity Investments
- 1. Subsidiaries
- 2. Joint ventures
- 3. Associates
- Non-strategic Investments
- 1. Held for trading
- 2. Available for sale
- 3. Held to maturity
- 4. Loans and receivables
- 5. Reclassifications from one category to another
- 6. Example: A debt investment to illustrate differences among held-for-trading, available-for-sale, and held-to-maturity classifications
- Amortization of Debt Investments
- 1. The effective interest method
- 2. Using amortized cost in the accounting for financial assets
- a. Held-to-maturity financial assets
- b. Debt instruments classified as available for sale
- Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- tandards in Transition
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 8: Property, Plant, and Equipment
- Initial Recognition and Measurement
- 1. What should an enterprise capitalize?
- a. Self-construction costs
- b. Borrowing costs on self-constructed assets
- c. Period of capitalization
- d. Replacements vs. repairs
- e. Costs of dismantlement, removal, and site restoration
- 2. How should enterprises categorize costs capitalized into property, plant, and equipment?
- a. Unit of measurement and componentization
- b. Bundled purchases
- Subsequent Measurement
- 1. Basis of measurement: Historical cost vs. current value
- 2. Impairment
- 3. Depreciation under the historical cost basis
- a. Total amount to depreciate: the depreciable amount
- b. Period of depreciation
- c. Pattern of depreciation
- d. Other considerations
- e. Illustration
- f. Impact of changes in estimates on depreciation
- Derecognition
- Feature: Does depreciation policy matter?
- Non-monetary Transactions
- 1. Classification of non-monetary exchanges
- a. General case
- b. Exceptions
- 2. Recognition of non-monetary exchanges
- Government Grants
- 1. How should enterprises recognize government grants—as equity capital or income?
- 2. When should enterprises recognize government grants?
- 3. How should enterprises present government grants?
- 4. Repayment of government grants
- Presentation and Disclosure of Property, Plant, and Equipment
- Substantive Differences between IFRS and ASPE
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 9: Intangible Assets, Goodwill, Mineral Resources, and Agriculture
- Intangible Assets: Initial Recognition and Measurement
- 1. What qualifies as an intangible asset?
- Feature: Common items that are potentially intangible assets
-
- a. Lack of physical substance
- b. Non-monetary nature
- c. Identifiability
- 2. What amounts should an enterprise capitalize as intangible assets?
- a. Acquired intangibles
- b. Internally developed intangibles
- Intangible Assets—Subsequent Measurement
- 1. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives
- 2. Intangible assets with finite useful lives
- Intangible Assets: Derecognition
- Goodwill
- Presentation and Disclosure
- Mineral Resources
- 1. Three phases in mineral activities: Exploration, development, and extraction
- 2. Full cost alternative under ASPE
- 3. Other aspects of accounting for mineral exploration costs
- 4. Example to illustrate the accounting for mineral resources
- Agriculture
- 1. Definition of agricultural activity and scope of IAS 41
- 2. Accounting for biological assets and agricultural produce
- a. Agricultural produce
- b. Biological assets
- c. Gains and losses from fair value measurement
- Substantive Differences between IFRS and ASPE
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Chapter 10: Applications of Fair Value: Revaluations, Impairments, and Non-current Assets Held for Sale
- Revaluation Model of Measuring Carrying Values Subsequent to Initial Acquisition
- 1. Adjusting asset values for revaluation
- a. Proportional method
- b. Elimination method
- c. Comparison of proportional and elimination methods
- 2. Accounting for the effect of revaluation on equity
- 3. Adjusting depreciation in periods subsequent to revaluation
- Impairment
- 1. Preliminary steps: What to test for impairment
- 2. Impairment test
- a. Fair value less cost to sell
- b. Value in use
- c. Example testing for impairment
- 3. Recognition of impairment
- a. Allocation of impairment loss to assets within a cash generating unit
- b. Entries to record impairment loss
- c. Adjustments to depreciation/amortization
- d. Reversals of impairment
- 4. Differences between impairment and revaluation
- 5. Impairment standards in ASPE
- 6. Economic roles of impairments
- a. Communicating information to users
- b. Supporting efficient contracting and reducing earnings management
- c. Facilitating rational decision making
- Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
- Substantive Differences between IFRS and ASPE
- Summary
- References
- Glossary
- Problems
- Mini-Cases
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Appendix: Time Value of Money and Simple Valuation Techniques
- Future Values and Present Values
- 1. Future value of a single sum received now
- 2. Present value of a single sum to be received in the future
- 3. Present value of a perpetuity
- 4. Present value of a perpetuity with growth
- 5. Present value of an ordinary annuity
- 6. Present value of an annuity due
- Computation Techniques
- Simple Valuation Methods
- 1. Valuation using book value
- 2. Valuation using dividends
- 3. Valuation using earnings and earnings multiples
- Table of Present Value Factors for an Ordinary Annuity of $1 (PVFA)
Appendix: TI VAII Plus
Appendix: Excel Tutorial
Glossary
Index
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Detailed Table of Contents Volume 2
Chapter 11: Current Liabilities and Contingencies
- A. Introduction
- B. Definition, Classification, and Measurement of Liabilities
- 1. Liabilities defined
- 2. Recognition
- 3. Financial and non-financial liabilities
- 4. Current versus non-current liabilities
- 5. Measurement
- C. Current Liabilities
- 1. Trade payables
- 2. Notes payable
- 3. Credit (loan) facilities
- 4. Taxes payable
- a. Sales taxes
- b. Income taxes
- 5. Warranties
- 6. Deferred revenues
- 7. Customer loyalty programs
- 8. Other current liabilities
- a. Obligations denominated in foreign currencies
- b. Maturing debt to be refinanced
- c. Non-current debt in default
- D. Contingencies
- 1. Contingencies involving potential outflows
- a. Recognition of a provision
- b. Disclose as a contingent liability
- c. No action required
- 2. Contingencies involving potential inflows
- a. Recognition as an asset
- b. Disclose as a contingent asset
- c. No action required
- 3. Treatment of contingencies under ASPE
- E. Commitments and Guarantees
- 1. Commitments
- 2. Guarantees
- F. Presentation and Disclosure
- G. Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- H. Standards in Transition
- I. Summary
- J. References
- K. Glossary
- L. Problems
- M. Mini-Cases
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Chapter 12: Non-Current Financial Liabilities
- A. Introduction
- 1. Overview
- 2. Financial leverage
- 3. Debt rating agencies
- B. Common Non-Current Financial Liabilities
- 1. Notes payable
- 2. Bonds
- a. Overview
- b. Types of bonds
- C. Initial Measurement
- 1. Debt exchanged for non-cash assets
- 2. Debt issued at non-market rates of interest
- 3. Compound financial instruments
- 4. Issuing bonds at par, premium, or a discount
- 5. Determining the sales price of a bond when the yield is given
- 6. Timing of bond issuance
- a. Selling bonds on the issue date specified in the indenture
- b. Selling bonds after the specified issue date
- D. Subsequent Measurement
- 1. Effective interest rate
- 2. Amortization using the effective interest method
- 3. The straight-line method
- E. Derecognition
- 1. Derecognition at maturity
- 2. Derecognition prior to maturity
- 3. Derecognition through offsetting and in-substance defeasance
- a. Offsetting
- b. In-substance defeasance
- F. Putting It All Together: A Comprehensive Bond Example
- G. Other Issues
- 1. Decommissioning costs
- 2. Off-balance-sheet obligations
- H. Presentation and Disclosure
- I. Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- J. Summary
- K. References
- L. Glossary
- M. Problems
- N. Mini-Cases
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Chapter 13: Equities
- A. Introduction
- B. Components of Equity for Accounting Purposes
- 1. Contributed capital
- a. Common shares (or ordinary shares)
- b. Preferred shares
- c. Par value vs. shares with no par value
- d. Cumulative vs. non-cumulative dividends
- e. Voting rights
- f. Number of shares authorized, issued, or outstanding
- 2. Accumulated earnings
- a. Retained earnings
- b. Accumulated other comprehensive income
- 3. Summary
- C. Equity Transactions Relating to Contributed Capital
- 1. Issuance of shares
- 2. Stock splits
- 3. Reacquisition of shares
- a. Cancellation of reacquired shares
- b. Holding reacquired shares in treasury
- D. Equity Transactions Relating to Retained Earnings
- 1. Cash dividends
- a. Declaration date
- b. Ex-dividend date and date of record
- c. Payment date
- d. Summary
- 2. Stock dividends
- 3. Property dividends (dividends in kind)
- E. Presentation and Disclosure
- F. Comprehensive Illustration of Equity Transactions
- G. Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- H. Summary
- I. References
- J. Glossary
- K. Problems
- L. Mini-Cases
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Chapter 14: Complex Financial Instruments
- A. Introduction
- B. Types of Financial Instruments
- 1. Basic financial assets, financial liabilities, and equity instruments
- 2. Derivative financial instruments
- a. Options
- b. Warrants
- c. Forwards
- d. Futures
- e. Swaps
- 3. Compound financial instruments
- C. Accounting for Complex Financial Instruments
- 1. Derivatives
- 2. Compound financial instruments
- a. Issuance
- b. Measurement at the balance sheet date
- c. Accounting for an exercise of options or warrants
- d. Accounting for conversions of bonds or preferred shares
- 3. Stock compensation plans
- a. Value of stock options
- b. Period of expense recognition
- c. Accounting for option exercise or expiration
- D. Accounting for Hedges
- E. Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- F. Summary
- G. References
- H. Glossary
- I. Problems
- J. Mini-Cases
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Chapter 15: Earnings per Share
- A. Introduction to Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share
- B. Calculating Basic EPS
- 1. Numerator: Net income available to ordinary shareholders
- 2. Denominator: Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding
- 3. Complicating factors
- a. Treasury shares
- b. Stock splits and stock dividends
- 4. Basic EPS
- C. Calculating Diluted EPS
- 1. Identify all potential ordinary shares
- 2. Compute incremental EPS for all potential ordinary shares
- a. Convertible bonds and preferred shares: The if-converted method
- b. Options and warrants: The treasury stock method
- 3. Rank order incremental EPS
- 4. Sequentially compare incremental EPS to provisional EPS to determine diluted EPS
- 5. Effect of discontinued operations
- 6. Diluted EPS when basic EPS is negative
- 7. Other considerations
- a. Convertible securities issued, redeemed, or exchanged during the year
- b. Convertible securities with more than one conversion option
- c. Potential ordinary shares that are not yet eligible to be converted/exercised
- d. Bonds sold at a discount or premium
- e. Purchased options versus written options
- 8. Putting it all together: A comprehensive example
- D. Presentation and Disclosure
- 1. Presentation
- 2. Disclosure
- E. Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- F. Summary
- G. References
- H. Glossary
- I. Problems
- J. Mini-Cases
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Chapter 16: Accounting for Income Taxes
- A. Introduction
- B. Methods of Accounting for Income Taxes
- 1. Taxes payable method
- 2. Tax allocation methods
- a. Income statement approach—Deferral method
- b. Balance sheet approach—Accrual method
- 3. Summary of alternative approaches
- C. Applying the Accrual Method: Permanent and Temporary Differences
- 1. Permanent differences
- 2. Temporary differences
- a. Common temporary differences
- b. Temporary differences due to depreciation
- 3. Disposals of depreciable assets
- a. Disposal of an asset from an asset pool
- b. Disposal of specifically identified assets
- D. Changes in Tax Rates
- E. Tax Losses
- 1. Carryback of tax losses
- 2. Carryforward of tax losses
- F. Measurement: No Discounting for Time Value of Money
- G. Presentation and Disclosure
- 1. Presentation and disclosure of income tax expense
- 2. Presentation and disclosure of income tax assets and liabilities
- H. Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- I. Summary
- J. References
- K. Glossary
- L. Problems
- M. Mini-Cases
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Chapter 17: Pensions and Other Employee Future Benefits
- A. Introduction
- B. Nature of Pension Plans
- 1. Defined contribution plans
- 2. Defined benefit plans
- C. Accounting for Defined Contribution Plans
- D. Accounting for Defined Benefit Plans
- 1. What to account for in defined benefit plans
- a. Current service cost
- b. Interest cost
- c. Expected income from plan assets
- d. Amortization of past service costs
- e. Amortization of actuarial gains and losses—The corridor approach
- 2. Implementing pension accounting for defined benefit plans
- 3. Presentation and disclosure
- E. Other Issues
- 1. Settlements and curtailments
- 2. Multi-employer plans
- 3. Other long-term employee benefits
- F. Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- G. Appendix: Worksheet Approach for Pension Accounting
- H. Summary
- I. References
- J. Glossary
- K. Problems
- L. Mini-Cases
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Chapter 18: Accounting for Leases
- A. Introduction
- B. Economics of Leasing
- C. Classifying and Accounting for Operating and Finance Leases
- 1. Lease classification
- 2. Supporting indicators for lease classification
- 3. Accounting for finance and operating leases
- 4. Preference for finance or operating lease treatment
- 5. Rationale for supporting indicators relating to lease term and present value
- 6. Basic numerical example
- a. Lease classification
- b. Recording the lease at inception
- c. Recording the lease during the lease term
- d. Accounting at the end of the lease
- 7. Additional considerations for lease classification on lessor's books under ASPE
- D. Other Issues
- 1. Residual values—Guaranteed and unguaranteed
- 2. Inclusion of bargain purchase options in minimum lease payments
- 3. Interest rate used in present value calculations
- 4. Cash flows to be included in present value calculations
- a. Determining lease pricing
- b. Classifying a lease as finance or operating
- c. For amounts in lease amortization schedules
- 5. Third-party guarantees: An example of rules avoidance
- 6. Sale-leasebacks
- E. Presentation and Disclosure
- 1. Current/non-current classification of lease liability or lease receivables
- 2. Disclosures
- F. Substantive Differences between Relevant IFRS and ASPE
- G. Standards in Transition
- H. Summary
- I. References
- J. Glossary
- K. Problems
- L. Mini-Cases
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Chapter 19: Statement of Cash Flows
- A. Introduction
- B. Presentation of the Statement of Cash Flows
- 1. Cash and cash equivalents defined
- 2. Classifying cash flows
- a. Operating activities
- b. Investing activities
- c. Financing activities
- d. Cash flows with classification options
- e. Non-cash transactions
- 3. Format of the statement of cash flows
- a. Illustrative example
- b. Direct and indirect methods of reporting cash flows from operations
- C. Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows
- 1. Sources of information
- 2. The process—Indirect method
- a. When are adjustments required?
- b. The indirect method described
- c. The indirect method illustrated—Example 1
- d. The indirect method illustrated—Example 2
- 3. The process—Direct method
- a. The direct method described
- b. Schedule of cash provided by operating activities using the direct method—Example 1
- c. Schedule of cash provided by operating activities using the direct method—Example 2
- 4. Effects of specific items on the statement of cash flows
- a. Accounts receivable—Allowance for doubtful accounts
- b. Discontinued operations
- c. Discounts and premiums on bonds and other financial instruments
- d. Held-for-trading investments not designated as cash equivalents—Unrealized gains and losses
- e. Income taxes—Classification
- f. Income taxes—Current and deferred
- g. Investments in associates
- h. Other comprehensive income
- i. Stock splits and dividends
- j. Treasury shares
- 5. Putting it all together: A comprehensive example
- D. Presentation and Disclosure
- E. Substantive Difference between IFRS and ASPE
- F. Summary
- G. References
- H. Glossary
- I. Problems
- J. Mini-Cases
Appendix: Time Value of Money
Appendix: TI BAII Plus and Excel Tutorial
Glossary
Index
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© 2011 • VOL 1 ISBN: 0132612119 • VOL 2 ISBN: 0132657953
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